Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be used in a wide range of environments. Due to the inherent characteristics of wireless\r\ncommunications, WSNs are more vulnerable to be attacked than conventional networks. Authentication and data confidentiality\r\nare critical in these settings. It is necessary to design a useful key management scheme forWSNs. In this paper, we propose a novel\r\nkey management scheme called MAKM (modular arithmetic based key management). The proposed MAKM scheme is based on\r\nthe congruence property of modular arithmetic. Each member sensor node only needs to store a key seed. This key seed is used\r\nto compute a unique shared key with its cluster head and a group key shared with other nodes in the same cluster. Thus, MAKM\r\nminimizes the key storage space. Furthermore, sensor nodes in the network can update their key seeds very quickly. Performance\r\nevaluation and simulation results show that the proposed MAKM scheme outperforms other key-pool-based schemes in key\r\nstorage space and resilience against nodes capture. MAKM scheme can also reduce time delay and energy consumption of key\r\nestablishment in large-scaleWSNs.
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